Die Kommunikation zwischen den Wissenschaften und der Öffentlichkeit verläuft gegenwärtig immer noch schwerfällig. Unterschiedliche Erwartungen auf beiden Seiten führen zu Mißverständnissen und Spannungen. Doch von allen wird die Forderung nach einem intensiveren Dialog zwischen Wissenschaft und Öffentlichkeit erhoben. Ein solcher Dialog ist vor allem in Forschungsbereichen zu erwarten, die außerhalb der Universitäten angesiedelt sind und anwendungsorientiertes Wissen für ein Laienpublikum zur Verfügung stellen sollen. Allerdings wird auch dort Wissen häufig für, aber kaum mit der Öffentlichkeit entwickelt und überprüft. Mit welchen (...) Mechanismen wird diese Kluft überwunden? Die Analysen der Forschungsgruppe Priska Gisler, Michael Guggenheim, Alessandro Maranta Christian Pohl und Helga Nowotny zeigen: Das angesprochene Publikum wird imaginiert. Das Konzept imaginierter Laien erläutert, wie Vorstellungen über Laien in den Expertisen von Sachverständigen es ermöglichen, daß der wissenschaftliche Sachverstand im Alltag erfolgreich umgesetzt werden kann, ohne daß Erwartungen der Öffentlichkeit enttäuscht werden. Anwendungsorientierte Expertise muß nicht nur den wissenschaftlichen Zusammenhängen genügen und theoretisch konsistent sowie empirisch überprüft sein. Ebenso muß sie alltäglichen Handlungszusammenhängen gerecht werden und pragmatische Kohärenz garantieren. Diese unterschiedlichen Zusammenhänge müssen von den Sachverständigen zur Deckung gebracht werden. Den imaginierten Laien werden zu diesem Zweck Handlungskompetenzen und Handlungsrationalitäten zugeschrieben. Sie werden in vereinfachten Zusammenhängen gedacht, die mit dem Design der Expertise kompatibel sind. Erfolgreiche Expertise, so die Schlußfolgerung der Forschungsgruppe, bedeutet paradoxerweise zumeist, daß zunächst Erwartungen der Sachverständigen bezüglich der Öffentlichkeit erfüllt werden und nicht umgekehrt die Wissenschaft auf die Laien zugeht. In bezug auf die legitimen Erwartungen der Öffentlichkeit bleibt ein solches Vorgehen unzureichend. Derartigen Expertisen droht daher medial inszenierter oder politischer Widerstand. In vier Fallstudien werden die imaginierten Laien untersucht: Ausstellungen, in denen Laien die Wissenschaft näher gebracht werden soll, Umweltberatungsfirmen, die für Behörden Maßnahmen zum Schutz der Umwelt erheben sollen, Aushandlungsprozesse, die um die angemessene Kennzeichnungspflicht gentechnisch veränderter Lebensmittel geführt werden, sowie die transdisziplinäre Umweltforschung. Im Schlußkapitel werden die Funktionen untersucht, die dem >imaginierten Dialog zwischen Wissenschaft und Öffentlichkeit zukommen. Priska Gisler ist wissenschaftliche Mitarbeiterin am Collegium Helveticum der ETH Zürich mit einem Projekt zur Politik der Vermittlung und dem Wandel der Kulturen der Darstellung in der Wissenschaft. Michael Guggenheim ist Lehrbeauftragter an der Hochschule für Gestaltung und Kunst Zürich. Alessandro Maranta ist Wissenschaftlicher Mitarbeiter am Collegium Helveticum. Helga Nowotny ist gegenwärtig Direktorin von Society in Science: The Branco Weiss Fellowship. (shrink)

The career of the German physicist Walther Gerlach (1889–1979) spanned two world wars and the changing political systems in Germany in the twentieth century. As a physicist involved in the rapid development of atomic physics and the management of scientific research in Germany during World War II as well as in post-war West Germany, several attempts have been made in the past by historians of science to write his full biography. These projects have, among other foci, asked about Gerlach's role (...) and his position with respect to National Socialism. However, based on his extensive papers preserved in the Deutsches Museum Archive in Munich, none of these projects has so far been conclusive. In this article, we identify evidence for the selective deletion of personal files relating to his first wife and daughter. We argue that reconstructing this lacuna sheds new light on the influence of National Socialist ideology on Gerlach's personal life, making him both a profiteer and a victim of eugenics jurisdiction. (shrink)

Scientists continually face public concerns over the potential risks of biotechnology. This article reflects on the 1970s when leading molecular biologists established a moratorium, and initiated the second international Asilomar conference, on recombinant DNA molecules. Since then, this event has been widely perceived as an important historical moment when scientific actors took into account public concerns. Yet, by focusing on the history of the Public Understanding of Science discourse, we gain new insight into how ‘‘science’’ and the ‘‘public’’ have in (...) the meantime been framed in political discourses as homogeneous but antagonistic concepts. This sheds new light on the ways scientific, political, and administrative actors in biotechnology perceive the events, which occurred in the 1970s. Through interviews, we found that, with the Asilomar II conference serving as a quasi role model, the quest to reconcile ‘‘science’’ and the ‘‘public’’ is being traced back to a moment in history when such divisions had yet to be considered. This leads us to ask whether the politics of PUS contributed as much to the production of these two entities as it is claimed to have done in bridging the differences between them. (shrink)

The first part of this article summarizes research carried out during the last decade in the field of media use of ethnic minorities throughout Europe. Guiding research questions, underlying paradigms, and empirical evidence will be critically discussed in a comparative way. In the second part, empirical data of a Swiss survey among 1,600 adolescents aged 12 to 17 with migrant and Swiss backgrounds are presented. The comparative study points at similarities and differences in access to and use of old and (...) new media such as the Internet as well as with the link between media use and social integration or cultural identity. Special emphasis is given to ethnic versus social factors as underlying explanatory factors. The results of the Swiss study are placed in the context of European research evidence. (shrink)

A recent parliamentary postulate in Switzerland calling for joint custody as the legal norm argues that fathers are discriminated against in Swiss divorce law. This postulate has incited a debate which circles around issues of equality, the role of fathers and mothers, and the good of the child. Our article, uniting approaches from literature, cultural studies, and science and technology studies, examines the arguments sparked by the debate with a view to different takes on gender and family. In doing so, (...) it traces the roots of contemporary Swiss family law in the Rousseauian narrative of family life in Emile ou de l’education; it explores the manner in which scientific knowledge is marshaled to lend political legitimacy to current debate; and it asks finally how narrative bridges the gap between public discourse and lived experience. (shrink)

I Two Traditions. Scientific inquiry, seen in a very broad perspective, may be said to present two main aspects. One is the ascertaining and discovery of ...

Keine ausführliche Beschreibung für "Die Überwindung des mathematischen Erkenntnisideals" verfügbar.

ZusammenfassungUnter den nichtlogischen Konstanten der Wissenschaftssprache werden zwei Arten unterschieden, die Beobachtungsterme und die theoretischen Terme . Die letzteren werden nicht durch Definitionen eingeführt, sondern durch Postulate zweier Arten, nämlich theoretische Postulate, zum Beispiel Grundgesetze der Physik, und Korrespondenzpostulate, die die theoretischen Terme mit Beobachtungstermen verbinden. Wie schon Hilbert gezeigt hat, können in dieser Weise sowohl die Mathematik als auch die theoretische Physik als ungedeutete Kalküle aufgestellt werden. Es wird hier kurz erklärt, dass durch diesen Aufbau auch den mathematischen Termen (...) eine Bedeutung beigelegt wird. Die theoretischen Terme erhalten durch die Korrespondenzpostulate wenigstens eine unvollständige Deutung. Es wird gezeigt, wie die Unterscheidung von analytischen und synthetischen Sätzen auch für die theoretische Sprache definiert werden kann.Among the non‐logical constants of the language of science two kinds are distinguished, the observation terms and the theoretical terms . The latter terms are introduced, not by definitions, but by postulates of two kinds, theoretical postulates, e.g., basic laws of physics, and correspondence postulates which connect the theoretical terms with observation terms. As Hilbert has explained, both mathematics and theoretical physics can in this way be constructed in the form of uninterpreted calculi. It is here briefly indicated that by this method of construction also the mathematical terms have meanings assigned to them. The theoretical terms obtain at least an incomplete interpretation by means of the correspondence postulates. It is shown how the distinction between analytic and synthetic sentences can be defined also for the theoretical language. (shrink)

Betr. u.a. Erasmus und die Reformation in Basel.

Labeling, Recovering and Reactivating: The Role of Labels on Microscope Slides in the Finding System on the Basis of Alzheimer's Auguste D. Preparations. This study discusses the role of labels in the process of the reactivation of preparations. Labels on slides together with corresponding lists on cards or sheets build what is here called a specific finding system. In the sciences of the archive the disciplinary memory together with such a finding system are the basis to the ability of the (...) sciences today to reactivate preparations from the beginning of the last century as it occurs with the Auguste D. preparations. The case of Alzheimer's micropreparations of brain parts of Auguste D. – the case that he used to show that hers was a specific brain disease unknown before – serves to describe Alzheimer's writing on the labels. It is compared to slides and labels prepared by other medical researchers between the 1890s and 1920s and the respective finding systems. Being an epistemologicum, micropreparations, as they are data, in their hybrid status of both image and material in one, cross the boundaries between icon and index. This is proven by the reactivation of Auguste D. micropreparations in molecular biological studies over 100 years after their production. (shrink)

This chapter focuses on the development of Gerhard Gentzen's structural proof theory and its connections with intuitionism. The latter is important in proof theory for several reasons. First, the methods of Hilbert's old proof theory were limited to the “finitistic” ones. These methods proved to be insufficient, and they were extended by infinitistic principles that were still intuitionistically meaningful. It is a general tendency in proof theory to try to use weak principles. A second reason for the importance of intuitionism (...) for proof theory is that the proof-theoretical study of intuitionistic logic has become a prominent part of logic, with applications in computer science. (shrink)

ZusammenfassungHume unterscheidet zwischen dem Prinzip, dass alles, was geschieht, einen Kausalgrund hat, und dem Prinzip der Regelmässigkeit der Natur, d.h. dass ähnliche Kausalgriinde ähnliche Kausalfolgen haben. In der zweiten Analogie der Erfahrung versucht Kant, die Erklärung unserer Annalime des ersten Prinzips, welche er irrtümlieherweise Hume zuschreibt, zu widerlcgen. Er versucht dort nichl ausdrücklich das zweite Prinzip zu begründen, aber J. Dodge hat nachgewiesen, dass die zweite Analogie doch versteckterweise eine Begründung dieses Prinzips enthält, Kant selbst begründet jedoch dieses zweite Prinzip (...) nur als ein regulatives Prinzip der reflektierenden Urteilskraft. (shrink)

Dietrich von Hildebrand, widely regarded as one of the great Catholic philosophers of the 20th century, is well-known for his numerous books, but, until this present work, not much has been known of his remarkable and inspiring life. Written by his wife, Alice, also a highly respected Catholic thinker, this is a fascinating, moving and, at times, gripping account of a truly great man of the Church who suffered much for the faith. Based on a very long "letter" Dietrich wrote (...) to his wife late in his life, it tells his story from his glorious youth with a unique intellectual and cultural formation, his coversion to Catholisism, his great passion for truth and beauty, his extensive writing on Christian philosophy and theology, and his steadfast, determined opposition to Nazism that made him a marked man who miraculously escaped execution. A powerful biography of a relentless fighter against injustice, a devoted son of the Church, a man who had the "soul of a lion". Illustrated. (shrink)

Open science will make science more efficient, reliable, and responsive to societal challenges. The European Commission has sought to advance open science policy from its inception in a holistic and integrated way, covering all aspects of the research cycle from scientific discovery and review to sharing knowledge, publishing, and outreach. We present the steps taken with a forward-looking perspective on the challenges laying ahead, in particular the necessary change of the rewards and incentives system for researchers (for which various actors (...) are co-responsible and which goes beyond the mandate of the European Commission). Finally, we discuss the role of artificial intelligence (AI) within an open science perspective. (shrink)

While symbolic colour use has always played a conspicuous role in science research and education, the use of colour in historic diagrams remains a lacuna in the history of science. Investigating the colour use in diagrams often means uncovering a whole cosmology that is not otherwise explicit in the diagram itself. The periodic table is a salient and iconic example of non-mimetic colour use in science. Andreas von Antropoff's (1924) rectangular table of recurrent rainbow colours is famous, as are Alcindo (...) Flores Cabral's (1949) application of colour in his round snail form, using the RGB scheme, and Mazurs's (1967) pine tree system, consisting of warm and cold colours that he attributed to specific groups of elements—an attribution that we can relate back to humoralism and alchemy. From the first periodic tables in the 19th century, individual researchers have used different colour regimes. While standardization may play an obvious role in chemistry and its diagrams, all the more impressive is the anarchistic use of colour in the various diagrams which continue to be created. This article focuses on periodic tables in chemical journals and text books, and explores and compares the development of colour codes found in the few existing polychrome diagrams from the 1920s to the 1970s. (shrink)

Initially, astrobiology subsumed into philosophy. However, philosophy has increasingly subsumed into astrobiology concurrent with it steadily becoming an observational and experimental activity that mainly focuses on the link between life and the cosmos, rather than on extra-terrestrial life per se. However, the steadily increasing probability of locating such extra-terrestrial life and the questions this will lead to might require a refinement of astrobiology, with a bifurcation into astrobiology and astrophilosophy. There are many reasons for the emergence and necessity of astrobiology. (...) One barely realized reason for its emergence, I will argue, is the dawning realization that biology, until now, has been under a geocentric limitation, which has unavoidably pervaded the perception of life. Additionally, as astrobiology can be said to be a long last movement away from this limitation, astrophilosophy represents a movement away from that limitation because philosophy has, strictly speaking, been restrained by the frames for one species, Homo sapiens. Thus, philosophy has, strictly speaking, been anthropomorphic. Thus, when philosophy, like astrobiology, incorporates the Copernican principle, assuming that terrestrial life, and the thinking of Homo sapiens, is not privileged in the universe, astrophilosophy emerges. Astrobiology and astrophilosophy are not competitors but are rather two distinct but complementary activities that address questions with their own well-defined methods and rigor while still informing each other in an inter-dependent manner. Astrophilosophy concerns questions that are philosophical in nature but are procured by an astrobiological perspective. By including scenarios procured by astrobiology, a number of questions regarding value, rights, communication and intelligence that could arise in the interaction between Homo sapiens and extra-terrestrial life can be addressed. (shrink)

ZusammenfassungDer Elementarbaustein aller Lebewesen ist die Zelle. Sie besitzt eine reiche innere Struktur mit einer Vielzahl von Organellen fur verschiedene Stoffwechselfunktionen.Zur Analyse der Funktionen dieser Organelle wird die Methode der Zellfraktionierung einge‐setzt. Die Zellen werden dabei aufgebrochen und – meist mit Zentrifugations‐Techniken – in verschiedene Fraktionen aufgetrennt. Mit Hilfe von Markern, d.h. von charakteristischen bio‐chemischen oder morphologischen Merkmalen der einzelnen Organelle werden die Fraktionen identifiziert und dann im Hinblick auf ihre Stoffwechselfunktionen analysiert.Eine prinzipielle Schwierigkeit dieser Analyse besteht in der Tatsache, (...) dass es umso wahr‐scheinlicher ist, dass sich die Funktionen der isolierten Organelle verandern, je sorgfältiger sie gereinigt werden.SummaryThe elementary building block of all living organisms is the cell. It has a rich inner structure with a multitude of organelles for various metabolic functions.The analysis of these functions is made possible by the method of cell fractionation. Cells are homogenized and separated, mainly by centrifugation techniques, into a number of fractions. With the aid of markers, i.e. of characteristic biochemical or morphological properties of individual organelles, the fractions are identified and then analyzed for their metabolic functions.A principal difficulty of this analysis consists in the fact that an alteration of the functions of isolated organelles is the more probable, the more extensively they are purified.RésuméĽélément fondamental de tout être vivant est la cellule. Elle a une riche structure interieure avec une multitude ?on;organelles pour différentes fonctions metaboliques.Ľanalyse de leurs fonctions repose sur la méthode du fractionnement des cellules. Les cellules sont broyées et séparées en différentes fractions, le plus souvent par des techniques de centrifugation. Les fractions sont identifyérs àľaide de marqueurs, c'est‐à‐dire de propriétés biochimiques ou morphologiques charactéristiques pour une organelle individuelle, puis elles sont analysées quant a leurs fonctions métaboliques.Ľune des principales difficultés provient du fait que plus on purifie une organelle, plus on risque ?on;altérer sa fonction. (shrink)

This book researches how dispositions are a key indicator in teacher success both in terms of instructional effectiveness and long term retention giving examples and support strategies on how to implement these qualities and characteristics into a robust curriculum.

This is the first translation into English of an important early work of the German idealist philosopher F.W.J. Schelling. Philosophy and Religion (1804) is considered a precursor to his major work on freedom, his Philosophical Inquiries into the Nature of Human Freedom (1809). In Philosophy and Religion, Schelling raises the question of how philosophy can come to terms with the failure of approaching the highest principle of being, the Absolute (or God), rationally. He argues that the only possibility of recognizing (...) the Absolute lies in intellectual intuition, which goes beyond presentiment or religious intuition. For Schelling, it is the task of philosophy to lead the soul towards the intuition of the Infinite: "All philosophy begins . . . with an animated idea of the Absolute." In recent years, Schelling's philosophical ideas have been adopted by contemporary thinkers such as the Slovenian philosopher and psychoanalytic theorist Slavoj Žižek and the French theorist of "Non- Philosophy," François Laruelle. (shrink)

The text of the tract De arcubus similibus was published for the first time by M. Curtze in 1887. However, after examining some more Latin manuscripts and the Arabic MS Oxford, Bodleian Library, Marsh 663 it appeared, that Curtze's edition was rather an adaptation. Also Curtze's suggestion that Jordanus Nemorarius was the author was very probably wrong. The author of the tract was the Egyptian mathematician Ahmed ibn Jusuf as appears from the Latin manuscripts, and its translator, very probably, Gerard (...) of Cremona. In the tract Ahmed tried to prove, that the assertion ‘similar arcs are also equal arcs’ was wrong . His starting points were the propositions Euclid III, 20 and 21. Consequently, the tract can be looked upon as a commentary on the third book of the Elements. (shrink)

The compositional analysis of sentences like “Tony has been happy since he’s been taking Prozac” becomes feasible through a combination of a maximal informativeness semantics for definite descriptions and an elided second “since” inside the “since”-clause.

ZusammenfassungDer Verfasser geht auf Beziehungen zwischen dem von C. I. Lewis eingeführten Begriff der « strikten » Implikation und dem von ihm selbst eingeführten Begriff der « strengen » Implikation ein. Er zeigt, dass sich innerhalb des Systems der strengen Implikation ein weiterer Folgebegriff definieren lässt, der alle Eigenschaften hat, die von der strikten Implikation verlangt werden. Als dieser Folgebegriff wird genommen, dass die Konjunktion von A und dem Gegenteil von B unmöglich ist, was in dem System der strengen Implikation (...) keineswegs damit identisch ist, dass A in strenger Weise B impliziert. Das System der strikten Implikation wird dabei in einer von Arnold Schmidt gegebenen Form zugrunde gelegt.RésuméIl s'agit des relations entre la conception d'implication stricte introduite par C. I. Lewis et la conception de « strenge » implication introduite par l'auteur. L'auteur indique qu'une conception d'implication se laisse définir dans le système de « strenge » implication qui a toutes les qualités d'implication stricte. La définition est la suivante: A implique B a ce sens si la conjonction de A et non B est impossible ce qui n'équivaut pas à la proposition qu'il y a de « strenge » implication de A à B. Le système d'implication stricte est considéré sous la forme qui lui a été donnée par Arnold Schmidt.In this paper the author enters into the particulars of the relations of the concept of « strict » implication introduced by C. I. Lewis with the concept of « strenge » implication introduced by himself. He points out that within the system of « strenge »implication a further concept of implication may be defined which has all the qualities of strictimplication. The definition is the following: A implies B in this sense if the conjunction of A and non‐B is impossible, which is not the same as the « strenge » implication between A and B. The system of strict implication is taken in the form as formerly given by Arnold Schmidt. (shrink)

Now you can learn from the original, most important source for magic in the Western world that has ever been published, when you get Agrippa'sThree Books of Occult Philosophy. This massive volume was originally published in 1531, and occultists have been drawing on it ever since. Now, Llewellyn is proud to produce the first complete reprint of the original English translation in the last 500 years. Donald Tyson edited this work and removed the hundreds of errors that appeared in the (...) original translation. He also fully annotated the work, to make it understandableand usableby people today. ·Discover what the Renaissance scholar knew about astrology, medicine, history, herbs, geography, animals, angels, devils, Witches, charms, the weather, and a host of other subjects ·Gain immediate reference to a vast amount of arcane, but completely annotated, magical material ·Find corrected drawings of seals, sigils, and magic squares, and correctly represented geomantic figures ·Explore the practical Kabbalah, geomancy, the magic squares, the elements, the humors, and the Soul of the World ·Consult the new Biographical dictionary for background on each of the hundreds of writers and historical figures referred to by Agrippa ·Consult the new Geographical Dictionary for data on referenced rivers, mountains, nations, citiesmany of which now carry different names. The Three Books of Occult Philosophy is the most complete repository of pagan and Neoplatonic magic ever compiled. This book is packed with material you will not find elsewhere, including copious extracts on magic from obscure or lost works by Pythagoras, Ptolemy, Plato, Aristotle, and many others. Tyson's detailed annotations clarify difficult references and provide origins of quotations, even expanding upon them in many cases, in order to make Agrippa's work more accessible to the modern reader. The Three Books of Occult Philosophy is the ultimate "how-to" for magical workings. It describes how to work all manner of divinations and natural and ceremonial magic in such clear and useful detail that it is stillthe guide for modern techniques. The extensive new supplementary material makes this wisdom practical for use today. The Three Books of Occult Philosophy is an essential reference tool for all students of the occult. Get your copy today. (shrink)